![]() ![]() Number of males was significantly bigger (χ 2 = 20,556 p<0,001) ( Figure 1). ![]() 193 or 53, 61 % of patients had bronchopneumonia (128 males and 65 females). Number of males was significantly bigger (χ 2 = 30,186 p<0,001). 167 or 43, 39 % of patients had pneumonia (119 males and 48 females). ![]() Number of males is significantly bigger (χ 2 =49,878 p<0,001). The difference of patients with pneumonia and bronchopneumonia is not significant (p=0,171). There were 167 patients with pneumonia, and 193 with bronchopneumonia. In four-year period (from 2012 to 2015) 10128 patients were treated in Clinic “Podhrastovi”. There are specific serological tests for Pneumococcal pneumonia Legionnaires’ disease Mycoplasma pneumonia Chlamydia pneumonia Influenza A and B, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Coxiella burnetii ( 1, 2).Īntibiotic treatment should be started immediately, without waiting for microbiology results. Investigations for CAP: chest x-ray, sputum-bacterial culture and Gram stain ( 15), blood culture (low sensitivity, high specificity), pleural fluid-culture, bronchoscopy with BAL, blood gas analysis, CT- chest, blood tests: a white cell count (WCC) >15 x 10 9 suggests bacterial infection counts of >20 or 50% at 4 days it suggests treatment failure or the development of a complications ( 2). The etiological agent cannot be predicted from clinical features some features are more likely associated with one bacterium than another ( 1, 2).įor any pathogen, the severity of disease is determined by the subject’s age and the presence and type of coexisting illness ( 14). The most frequent comorbidity associated is COPD because of alterations in mechanical and cellular defenses ( 13).ĬAP is usually caused by Gram-positive, hospital acquired pneumonia by Gram-negative bacteria ( 1). Alcohol facilitates bacterial colonization of the oropharynx, impairs cough reflexes and cellular defenses and alters swallowing and mucociliary transport ( 12). Smoking is associated with an increased frequency of CAP because smoking alters mucociliary transport, humoral and cellular defenses, affects epithelial cells, and increases adhesion of bacteria to epithelium ( 11). Mixed flora including anaerobes is involved in many cases ( 9, 10). The risk of aspiration is increased by alcoholism, anesthesia, neurological diseases, and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract ( 8). This may be by micro-aspiration from upper airways or mouth, haematogenous spread, spread from an adjacent structure, inhalation, activation of previously hidden infection ( 2, 5, 6).įactors that undermine the lung’s defense increase the risk of pneumonia: aspiration, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, corticosteroids/immunosuppression comorbidities: COPD, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney or liver disease, cancer, diabetes, dementia, cerebrovascular diseases, immunodeficiency, use of gastric acid-suppressive medications ( 7), nursing home residents. An infecting agent reaches this site via breach in host defenses. The lung and tracheobronchial tree are usually sterile below the larynx. Lobar pneumonia occurs when organisms colonize alveolar spaces, bronchopneumonia when organisms colonize bronchi and extend in alveoli ( 1, 2). It is now common to use the first classification because the anatomical site is of limited benefit in treatment and the causing organisms may be undetected ( 1- 5). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |